“Horses of the Night” by Margaret Laurence Essay

- â€Å"I hated the way that I was so young† - Chris makes his own dreamland (farm, dashing ponies and so forth.) He attempts to sell magazines, vacuum cleaners in any event, when he knows he won’t make it to college. He can’t face reality. Additionally, when there is strife he disregards it and it appears he doesn’t even notification it. He holds a dream in his brain that appears to be genuine to him - In Shallow Creek, when Vanessa sees the ponies is the point at which we know that Chris is living in a universe of fancies. - Chris’ dreamland is his solitary shelter from potential craziness on the grounds that without it, he would have no desire forever - Vanessa stresses that she is unequipped for saying the proper thing when they go outdoors and Chris discusses God and the Stars. â€Å"pretending to be asleep† (pg.22) - Chris doesn’t react when his granddad discusses him, he sets an obstruction between his own reality and reality. - His reality comprises of his ponies, saddle, confound, own farm. He has control of everything in his reality so it just concerns him - The line gradually, gradually ponies of the night implies Chris vanishes into craziness and that he can’t see day and night. Means the night must move delayed for Chris and â€Å"Whether he had found finally a path for himself to make the vital dream perpetual† (pg.24) - Chris sees God as strange and ruthless. He doesn’t have faith in God. Vanessa doesn’t react, so perhaps she puts stock in God and doesn’t need to reveal to Chris her perspectives. The conditions for their perspectives may be the way that Chris’ family lives in neediness while Vanessa is in an ideal situation a tad. Vanessa is frightened of talking/saying an inappropriate things - It uncovers that he had a psychological breakdown and that he is lost in his dreamland. He no longer lives in his own reality (Chris’ letter) - Vanessa discovers that the letter from Chris is the last thing that reveals to her he is lost and the letter affirmed why he did unreasonable things. She comprehends why he had a dreamland. - abundance of creative mind unsafe - he has control of his own dreamland ponies Duchess and Firefly. In any case, in all actuality they are furrow ponies. - boundary among individual and this present reality when an individual dreams excessively - he conveys and plays with more youthful kids since he has control and they make no decisions about him. - sells vacuum cleaners, magazines and sewing machines to college yet he doesn’t have the imprints to get in. - without his dreamland he would have no desire forever. - Chris ends his life to escape the â€Å"absolute insufferable quality of battle†

A report on dry bulk shipping

A report on dry mass transportation Transportation is unquestionably one of the entrancing businesses on the planet. It requires tremendous information and expertise to cop up with the everyday activities due to the intricacy of the business and its reliance on world financial aspects. Dry Bulk ships convey dry cargoes in mass starting with one port then onto the next and can be classified into handysize,â handymax,â panamax,â capesize, and huge mass and mineral bearers as indicated by their sizes. The exhibition of the mass transportation showcase relies upon the interest for and flexibly of mass delivery administrations, just as the attributes of the market structure. The significance of transportation cycle in the event of dry mass transporter is that they has an imperative impact in the financial aspects of delivery industry by dealing with the speculation chance in an industry ,where there is huge vulnerability about the future (Stopford,2009) Area 1 Writing Review One of the significant viewpoints influencing the eventual fate of dry mass transportation is the quality and the security point of view. Ostensible cargo separation among quality and other tonnage has been watched incidentally and much administrations has been paid to advancing the requirement for more youthful and more secure boats (Tamvakisâ and Thanopoulou,2000) Another factor that can impact sea streams of dry mass ware is irregularity designs .Spot rates for greater vessels shows higher occasional varieties contrasted with littler vessels, despite the fact that distinctions in occasional vacillations between parts are expelled as the agreement span increments. Â (Kavussanos and Alizadeh,2001) Putting resources into transportation industry has a totally new viewpoint by the presentation of private value and the advancement of a supporting methodology, presently this can be treated as a portfolio streamlining issue. The cargo prospects give a relatively novel medium to supporting danger inâ dry bulkâ shipping markets. New uprising money related techniques in dry mass transportation in future can alter the whole market.( Cullinane,1995) Term investigation done by Bijwaard G.E and Knapp.S gives an understanding to the viability of drawing out boat lives and the exact information sets the thought regarding the life expectancy of dry mass transporter. Life expectancy is a significant perspective in anticipating the boat cycle(Bijwaard and Knapp,2009)Scrapping of boat is done at a specific time and this is done when the boat is resigned from the current use or when delivery cycle requests it. Addition and misfortunes after the rejecting of a boat . altogether relies upon the economic situation. Request of Dry mass transportation is constantly identified with the rejecting industry.(Knapp,2008) The Government is recommending that the UKs CO2 outflows should fall by at any rate 80% by 2050 . Arrival of fumes gases and particles from oceangoingâ ships is a significant and developing supplier to the all out discharges from the transportation area. New methodologies like moderate steam, exchange fuel and new calculated methodology like gigantic mineral bearers and so forth will be utilized in future to make the transportation segment more eco friendly(Eyring et al,2010) Exploration Hypothesis Marine progression of dry mass merchandise in 2050 will be generally affected on various variables and the foundation study done above cements this announcement. From the foundation study done above after speculation are made. The changing speculation methodology like private value and advancement of supporting procedure in universes dry mass delivery can elevate the boat proprietors to put resources into new ships and it can likewise pull in new boat proprietors to the business .If the rejecting doesnt goes in extent with the creation ,it could influence the flexibly and request of dry mass merchandise and there would be visit obstruction of transportation cycle The plan, tonnage and activity of dry masses sends in 2050 can fluctuate a great deal from the present. Transporters like kind sized metal bearers and pattern to containerisation can be the eventual fate of dry mass transportation .Seasonality and size issues at present may be completely disappeared later on. Created nations like United Kingdom are focusing more on natural issues brought about by delivery businesses and UKs focus to decrease CO2 outflow by 80% in 2050 can have extraordinary impact in marine transportation of dry mass items. This is principally on the grounds that in future government may carry controls to ships having co2 discharge beyond what 80% which can bring about limiting boats going into UK ports. Presently this can prompt change in the progression of dry mass merchandise all through UK. Both the interest for delivery administrations and transportation rates in 2050 will be decidedly identified with the delivery cycle. Segment 2 Information Analysis Starting point of the information utilized in this exploration was chiefly gathered from Thomson Reuters Datastream, OECD.stat, Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and United Nations Statistics Division.The other information source utilized in this examination is Lloyds Shipping Economist The Shipping Intelligence Network as indicated by Clarksons Research is one of the top on line business dispatching database and practically completely related information required for this exploration like Baltic Freight Index and the armada size were gathered from this source. Information required for delivery cycle are gathered from Thomson Reuters DataStream which is as indicated by their page the biggest budgetary database on the planet. A few information were likewise gathered from OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-activity and Development) and United Nations Statistics Division The information for the flexibly and request are available from an incorporated table called Supply and Demand Data in Lloyds business analyst. The information required for gracefully and request of dry mass transporter were gathered from those tables for the current examination of the mass bearer showcase The time arrangement that were taken from Lloyds delivering are expressed beneath All out interest and flexibly of mass bearer armada in million DWT Complete size of mass bearer armada adjusting moderate steaming system Complete number of mass bearers request book in million DWT The quantity of mass bearers request book ought to be accepted genuine as there is a time period years from the request to the conveyance. The information for flexibly and overflow of the armada following moderate steam methodology is either laid up or in-dynamic are determined in huge amounts of dead weight To investigate the dry mass delivery cycle it is valuable to concentrate how the key factors in this market have created after some time. It is exceptionally hard to locate the exact proportions of cycles ,speaking to the interest for transportation administration and subsequently it difficult to track down a connection between dry mass delivery and delivery cycle as a rule .To quantify the cargo rates in dry mass delivery BFI(Baltic Freight Index) can be utilized (Glen and Rogers1997) Despite the fact that the BFI (Baltic Freight Index) stopped to exist when Baltic Exchange Dry Index was presented, till today it has been determined and revealed by Clarksons Research Shelley (2003), As showed in the Figure some striking changes are recorded in the cargo paces of dry mass transportation as of late. The BFI came to at its most extreme level in October 2007, trailed by an emotional fall in 2008.Figure(b) shows that the unpredictability of the cargo rates have expanded fundamentally after 2002-03 On the off chance that a Comparison is done between figure 1 and figure 2 a few similitudes can be watched like expanded cargo rates in 2003-04 are coordinated by expanding absolute bulker deals and comparably the other way around in the year 2005 and 2008 and thus a co-connection between cargo rate and bulker deals can dissected from the above figures. Figures additionally uncover a pattern in expanded instability altogether bulker deals during the period 2003-2008.c(Clarkson,2010) The enlarged unpredictability in current years point towards that the armada is practically equivalent to the current limit. During the high limit time frame, request stuns greatly affect cargo rates. This can be a sensible clarification of the massively expanded cargo rates in the ongoing times of blast on the planet economy Gross domestic product for OECD, USA, Japan and China can be utilized to decide delivering cycles. The GDP of OECD is utilized as an elective variable for world creation, while the GDP of the US, Japan, and China speaks to the monetary movement and interest for delivery benefits in three significant nations in world trade.(OECD,2010) The figures depend on information from the Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and Thomson Reuters DataStream - 2 Every single quarterly factor, the GDP of OECD, USA, Japan, and China from OECD detail helped us in finding that, these factors are non-fixed, just like the applicable time arrangement for the Baltic Freight Index. The BFI from Clarkson prompted the end that all the transportation cycle are co related with the BFI.The sources that are utilized in this exploration gave us a bigger viewpoint of the examination goal and discovered that, recognizing the delivery cycle is a troublesome procedure in light of the fact that there is considerably less past investigates done on this theme. Segment 3 Request and Supply Model for Dry Bulk transporting In present day there are number of models which have been created to figure and clarify cargo rate by looking at the elements impacting the interest and gracefully of the separate services..Tinbergen(1934) model is viewed as one of the most established econometric application.(Beenstock and Vergottis,1993).In new models the fundamental idea and thought are comparative yet the models have gotten increasingly refined by the utilization of new methods . In 1980 a model was created and introduced in Strandenes and Wergeland which was named as NORBULK model. This model is viewed as one of the significant econometric method in anticipating the cargo rate in dry mass transportation. The NORBULK model depends on the suspicion that the interest for transportation of dry mass items is dictated by the cargo rates, the exchange examples, and factors mirroring the macroeconomic circumstance A Graphical outline of NORBULK model is appeared previously. From the representation plainly request and supp

technology :: essays research papers

Presentation Indeed, even now, client relationship the executives (CRM) is in its development stage. Up to this point, assorted people characterized this idea in an unexpected way. As the name proposes, the essential point of convergence is put on the client. In the event that an organization grows better client connections, it improves business forms just as its benefits. As a rule CRM, is an increasingly effective mechanized strategy used to interface and improve all territories of business to concentrate on making progressively strong client connections (CRM Research Center, 2001). All powers are coupled together to spare, improve, and get more prominent business to client connections. The most widely recognized zones of business that are decidedly influenced incorporate showcasing, deals, and client support methodologies (Digital Consulting Institute, 2002; CRM Research Center, 2001). CRM makes time proficiency and reserve funds on the two sides of the business range. Through right usage and utilization of CRM arrangements, organizations increase a superior comprehension of their most grounded and most vulnerable territories and how they can enhance these. Along these lines, clients increase better items and administrations from their organizations of decision. So as to accomplish better understanding on CRM, it is basic to think about the entirety of its segments. Practically equivalent to different innovations, CRM has its objectives, costs, execution techniques, and achievement and disappointment stories. Objectives      If effective, CRM can help organizations with numerous client arranged procedures. All in all, organizations will have the option to offer better client care. By monitoring client inclinations, an organization will have a superior thought of what sort of inquiries to expect (Bannan, 2001). Through efficient call habitats they can give quicker progressively savvy answers for clients' inquiries and objections. Expenses      CRM doesn't come without its expenses, be that as it may, as indicated by an ongoing review directed by The Data Warehousing Institute, about portion of the individuals studied expressed that their CRM venture costs were under $500,000. This shows not all CRM usage must be expensive. Then again, this overview likewise introduced that many members had financial plans of more than $10 million (CRM Research Center, 2001).

Hepatitis C Essay -- essays research papers

Hepatitis C has been alluded to as a "Silent Epidemic," since it as a rule advances gradually over numerous years. A great many people who are contaminated with hepatitis C don't know about any observable side effects for up to one to two decades after they are tainted. Truth be told, when indications show up, the infection has presumably started to harm the liver. In the event that the liver is harmed and quits working, passing will consistently be the result (Lieber). Liver disappointment from interminable hepatitis C is one of the most widely recognized reasons for liver transplants in the United States. Hepatitis C is an irritation of the liver’s cells and tissues brought about by the hepatitis C infection (HCV). Hepatitis C infection is blood-borne, which implies it is spread through blood and blood items (Grady). After the disclosure of hepatitis An infection in 1973 and hepatitis B in 1963, any instances of intense or incessant hepatitis or cirrhosis without recognizable causes were put into the classification of non-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis(Palmer108) . In 1989, a significant advancement in regards to this puzzling and charming ailment happened, the hepatitis C infection was distinguished. Presently, most hepatitis C infections are accepted to be the infections liable for around 90 percent of all instances of NANB. As per the U.S. Places for Disease Control and Prevention, roughly 1.8% of the U.S. populace, or 3.9 million Americans, have been contaminated with this constant blood-borne infection. Around 50,000 new instances of hepatitis C are assessed to happen in the United States every year. Without appropriate and viable treatment the demise rate is required to significantly increase in the following fifteen years (Turkington 9). Seventy-five percent of those tainted with the infection will create incessant hepatitis and half of those individuals will create cirrhosis of the liver Because of the way that Hepatitis C is blood-borne there are numerous ways an individual can contract HCV, and numerous sorts of individuals who are more inclined to it than others. The best method of transmission is the point at which a contaminated people blood gets into the circulation system of someone else. HCV can just enter the circulatory system by first overcoming the defensive covering skin, this is called percutaneous course. Basic courses of contamination incorporate needle stick mishaps among human services laborers, shared needles that are utilized during body puncturing, infusing illicit medications, and inking (Turkington 19). Another normal ... ...eek such a large number of individuals disregard them and return to their ordinary lives. When a great many people become tainted with intense hepatitis C and are untreated, patient will create incessant hepatitis. Actually 85 percent of contaminated individuals create incessant hepatitis C (Palmer 118). Interminable hepatitis can prompt cirrhosis of the liver, liver disappointment, and liver malignant growth (Hoofnagle). On the off chance that Chronic hepatitis doesn't turn around itself, and a liver transplant isn't done the liver will shrivel, the kidneys will come up short, and the patient will slip by into a state of extreme lethargy (Bushie). The fundamental manifestation for interminable hepatitis in jaundice. The outcome is the yellowish appearance of the skin and eyes and the pee will turn into a tanish shading (Leiber). Numerous patients have whined of red bothersome rash on their bodies and torment in their lung and stomach zones (Bushie). The appendages frequently swell, and many experience mind mists, where they overlook what's going on around them. There are numerous side effects that hepatitis C imparts to different infections, this is the thing that makes it hard to analyze. After the analysis is produced using the important blood tests, the specialist will play out a liver biopsy to decide the degree of aggravation and harm in the liver.

The Effects of Global Climate Change Free Essays

The Effects of Global Climate Change The mankind has gained noteworthy ground in all circles of life. It's anything but a distortion to state that during the only remaining century more creations were made, than during the entire of history. Man flew into space, restrained nuclear vitality, figured out how to fix numerous sicknesses that were viewed as serious, and each new day is set apart with another forward leap. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Effects of Global Climate Change or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Be that as it may, there is a drawback. For a significant stretch of time individuals didn’t consider the results of their exponential turn of events. Immense tracts of woods were cleared for rural purposes, a huge number of huge amounts of carbon dioxide broke up in the climate, several species on creatures and plants become wiped out each year. The quick improvement of mankind renders a terrible effect on Earth. One of the instances of these influence’s is environmental change. It’s not a mystery that two or three several years prior the atmosphere on Earth was colder than now. Numerous researchers caution about what is called an unnatural weather change †a procedure of a consistent increment of the yearly temperature over the entire planet. Just because its flood was recorded in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and since that time the normal temperature had expanded by 0,7â °?. The further one goes from the equator, the more evident atmosphere changes become. So what are the potential outcomes of an unnatural weather change? As per the ongoing reports of the United Nations, during the 21st century the normal temperature will rise mutiple, 4-1, 8â °? also, will cause Arctic icy masses liquefy quicker. The ocean level will increment by 10 cm. It doesn’t appear to have any risk, yet as a general rule it will end up being a genuine danger for those nations which are found not high over the ocean level. A few experts anticipate that till the finish of the momentum century the sea will ascend all in all a meter. Netherlands, Great Britain, Japan, just as the islands of Oceania and the Caribbean bowl will be in danger. 30-40% of species and environments will get wiped out, on the grounds that their living space will change a lot quicker than they adjust. On the off chance that the temperature increments by one degree Celsius sensational changes to forests’ structure will happen. A few animal groups have just started to respond to atmosphere changes. For instance, transient winged animals begin to take off later in fall and to return a lot prior in spring. An Earth-wide temperature boost will adversely influence precipitation maps. In bone-dry locales, for example, Central Asia, Australia, and Mediterranean, South Africa, etc, circumstance will turn out to be much progressively entangled because of the decrease of precipitation. Simultaneously, a few areas may experience the ill effects of unusual twisters and the substantial downpours that have gotten significantly more incessant. The ongoing storm in North America might be a showing of these procedures. Such changes will badly affect agribusiness. Because of warming, it might improve in Northern Europe, however in Southern Europe, Africa and numerous locales of Asia high temperatures, dry spells, floods and soil disintegration will cause an unsalvageable harm. Experts foresee that yields in Africa and Asia will diminish, and Australia and New Zealand will confront an extraordinary absence of drinking water. A danger of floods in Europe will increment, and the Eastern bank of the United States will experience expanded quantities of tropical storms and soil disintegration. Furthermore, a worldwide temperature alteration will make a great situation for different sicknesses, so a sensational development of scourges and pandemics can be normal. Researchers have found that Earth warms a lot quicker than it did previously, and there is persuading proof that it is humankind who is liable for that. Right now inquire about, which point is to discover answers for this issue is being directed. Each nation should make a move to forestall making more harm our planet, on the grounds that the outcomes will be not kidding for everybody. Step by step instructions to refer to The Effects of Global Climate Change, Essay models

Stress Management for Introverts

Stress Management for Introverts Stress Management Management Techniques Print Stress Management for Introverts By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 27, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Tony Anderson/Getty Images Introverts tend to be misunderstood in our society. They dont dislike people, and they dont just want to be left alone. They do, however, experience stress in certain situations that are experienced as exciting for many extroverts. While these differences arent absoluteâ€"they can range from barely noticeable to extreme, depending on where someone falls on the introvert-extrovert spectrumâ€"they are important to understand for introverts and extroverts alike. 1:34 8 Signs You're an Introvert 8 Signs You Might Be an Introvert Differences Between Extroverts and Introverts Extroverts tend to be confident, dominant, and have a high need for stimulation, whereas introverts are more understated, and need more down time.  This means that introverts may more often shy away from making plans with others  as they may not know in advance if they will have enough energy that day. They may also leave social events earlier and be less engaged while at an event; most introverts prefer to talk to one person or a small group rather than holding the attention of a crowd. Introverts often enjoy people as much as extroverts and are often very good friends to those they care about. However, they are drained by human interaction, while extroverts are energized by it.   Introverts may be less likely to instigate plans than their extroverted counterparts, and they may be more likely to cancel plans with others, even if they enjoy other people’s company.  They are more likely to thoroughly think things through before sharing their thoughts with others, where extroverts may process their thoughts and ideas aloud. They are often more affected by the moods of others, which can lead to “contagious” stress reactions. With all of this, introverts still love people, care deeply for their friends, and need connection as much as extroverts; they just may get more out of a quiet night in with a friend than a loud party with a big crowd. And that’s OK. Potential Pitfalls for Introverts Unfortunately for introverts, there is an observed tendency for them to report lower levels of happiness and life satisfaction.?? Researchers who study the “Big Five” personality traits have found that those higher in introversion versus extroversion may have to work harder at stress management and happiness in general, where it may come more naturally to extroverts. Why This Matters Because introverts and extroverts may experience life somewhat differently (and our society tends to be more geared toward extroverts), introverts can benefit from some stress management strategies geared specifically to their more quiet nature. If you are an introvert (or if you love one), it’s important to understand some of the needs and traits that come with a more introverted nature.  In fact, those higher in extroversion tend to be less stressed as parents.?? This could be because  extroverts  are more energized than drained by the group activity that comes with parenting, or it could be due to other factors. Either way, less stressed parents may raise less stressed children, so it is important for introverts to find effective ways to manage stress. What Can Be Done? There are many  strategies that can help introverts to  manage the stress that comes with living in a way that works best for them. The following sections can help introverts counteract some of the sensitivities that come with being introverted, such as a decreased tendency to seek out human interaction, even though strong social support is associated with higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction. Finally, read the following sections to the end to learn some of the advantages of being an introvertâ€"there are several! Tips Specific to  Introverts Introverts can practice every stress management technique that extroverts practice, of course, but certain techniques may be more appealing to introverts. Other techniques are more suited to introverts. Finally, some strategies are important to counteract a natural tendency to miss out on some of the activities that may benefit you, that may come naturally to extroverts. Here are some ideas to consider. Practice Meditation.  Meditation can boost your resilience toward stress when practiced long-term and can help you to feel more relaxed in the short-term as well. There are many ways to practice meditation, but overall, it is a quiet practice. This allows you to increase your ability to get centered when you feel thrown off by the stress of your environment, or of the people around you.  Get Into Journaling.  Writing in a journal is a great way to process your emotions or train your mind to focus on the positive. Journaling brings several health and stress management benefits that are proven by research. Maintaining an emotion-processing journal, a coincidence journal, or a gratitude journal are just a few ways to use writing as a way to process, to take whats in your mind and get it out. Journaling can bring great stress relief for just about anyone, but its particularly suited to introverts.Examine Your Thoughts. Negative thoughts can increase your experience of stress. Extroverts tend to be more positive in their thinking, but positive thought patterns can be developed. Here are some stress-reducing ways to change your self-talk and build your resilience to toward stress.Actively Cultivate Good Moods. Research has found that positive affectâ€"the experience of being in a good moodâ€"is related to happiness as well as resiliency. Unfortunately, introverts tend to experience less positive effects in their daily lives, but this too can be changed. Learn more about how your levels of positive affect can influence your experience of stress, and find ways to cultivate positive effect in your daily life.?? Its easier than you may think, once you actively focus on it.Organize Your Space.  Introverts love having a space of their own, a place to go and recharge.  If your space is chaotic, this becomes more difficult. While cleaning may not be the most enjoyable activity you can engage in, maintaining a happy place for yourself can be great for stress management, so it is entirely worth it to think of cleaning as a stress reliever and maintain a peaceful space of your own.  Express Your Gratitude.  While extroverts may automatically express their thanks to those they care about (and even those they may just meet casually), introverts may find these expressions come less naturally. Expressing gratitude for the people in your lifeâ€"to  the people in your lifeâ€"can bring benefits of increasing your life satisfaction and strengthening your relationship satisfaction. (People love feeling appreciated, and this can build a tendency for others to express their appreciation for you, too.)  So let people know when you appreciate them, and why. You can also maintain a gratitude journal to expand your tendency to notice these things.Develop Optimism. Extroverts have been found to be more often optimistic and tend to appraise challenges more positively. This provides an advantage. Those who look at lifes difficulties as a challenge instead of a threat tend to be less stressed and more proactive in dealing with them. Those who are realistically optimistic tend to be more successful as well. Fortunately, optimism can be developed, to an extent. If you are an introvert, you can give yourself an advantage in stress management and in life by actively building your tendency toward optimism.Know Your Limits and Respect Them.  Many introverts feel the need to keep up with their extroverted friends in an attempt to appear more friendly. If you can push yourself to be more extroverted than you naturally would be, this isnt a bad thingâ€"studies show that when introverts act extroverted, they experience an increase in feelings of happiness.?? However, its also important to know your limits and choose your activities so you dont push yourself too far. Its OK to recharge.Push Yourself to Be More Extroverted When It Works for You.  As mentioned, research shows that introverts are found to get a boost of positive mood when they act extroverted on pu rpose. This same research found that introverts underestimate the amount of positive emotion theyll experience when they do this.?? So once you are aware of your boundaries and limitations as far as how much social time you can handle before youre exhausted, its a great idea to push yourself a little extra to be more friendly with people. You may be surprised by how much you enjoy it!Practice Self-Compassion. Because the world sometimes seems set-up for extroverts, and often people will judge introverts unfairly, it is important what it means to be more of an introvert, and embrace your differences. We all have our strengths and weaknesses, and if you can explain to people that you love them but may have a greater need for down time, they may be more accepting of who you are as well. The most important thing to remember is that self-compassion is valuable. Being gentle with yourself as well as with others, and building compassion with practices like the loving-kindness meditation  c an really help. How Self-Compassion Makes You Happier The Good News Introverts are less prone to hide negative emotionsâ€"and are less stressed because of it.  One study examined 404 Israeli participants and their patterns of faking and hiding their emotions.?? This study examined the effects of hiding negative emotions and faking positive ones, noting the effects on both relationship satisfaction and physical health. Introverts were less likely to hide negative emotions in their relationships and less likely to suffer as a result.   Extroverts were both more likely to hide negative emotions in their relationships, and more likely to experience lower relationship satisfaction and negative effects on their health, and this effect was more pronounced than the consequences for faking positive emotions.   In fact, faking positive emotions did not bring the same negative consequences at all, demonstrating that the “fake it until you make it” approach to happiness in relationships may be a better approach.  This in itself is important to know, but it’s also nice for introverts to know that their natural tendency to talk things out brings health benefits and a more satisfying relationship in the long run.   There are many other benefits to introversion, so in focusing on your strengths instead of your weaknesses, and balancing things out with the right stress management techniques, introverts can be quiet, resilient, and very happy. Where Do You Fit on the Dimensions of Introversion and Shyness Scale?

What Do We Know About Mother Teresa - Free Essay Example

Mother Teresa as most people know her, was born in Shkup, Albania in 1910 with the name of Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She was the third, and youngest child of Nicholas and Rosa Bojaxhiu, a wealthy Albanian couple. Agnesrs parents were very involved in the roman catholic church and knew it would be good for their kids to grow up with the religion as well. Nicholas, Teresars father, died at the age of forty-two when Agnes was only eight years old, and left the family with not only an emotional loss, but a severe loss in financials which changed the familyrs circumstances. Although this was such an unfortunate incident, it brought the family closer together (Parks; Chidiac, 470). At a very early age of twelve, Agnes knew she was meant to be something more in the catholic community. She felt she had a calling. She did some research for six years before she turned eighteen, and decided she wanted to work with the Loreto Sisters and be a missionary nun in the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Her mother was hesitant on her leaving, but she blessed her and knew she was in the hands of Jesus Christ. When she was eighteen, she moved and left her family behind to receive her religious training and learn English in Rathfarnam, Ireland. Shortly after, she moved to Calcutta, India and began to teach geography at a girlrs high school starting in 1929. Agnes received the name Teresa after her patron, St Therese of the Child Jesus (Parks; Chidiac, 470). After becoming the principle of the school and working at this school for twenty years, she had a call within a call as she says, on a train ride to Darjeeling on September 10th, 1946 that profoundly changed her life forever (Chidiac, 470). In Mother Teresars book called, My Life for the Poor she says on page 7, The message was quite clear: I was to leave the Covent and help the poor whilst living among them. It was an order. I knew where I belonged, but I did not know how to get there. I felt intensely that Jesus wanted me to serve him among the poorest of the poor, the uncared for, the homeless. Jesus invited me to serve him and follow him in actual poverty, to practice a kind of life that would make me similar to the needy in whom he was present, suffered and loved. Just by this quote by Mother Teresa, you can tell she would give up anything to serve god even if she didnt know where it would take her. This call with in a call was god asking Sister Teresa to serve to the most poverty stricken, the dying, the most lonesome, the uneducated and the neediest of all the people in Calcutta, and she didnt hesitate. She immediately applied for freedom from the Loretto Sisters to serve to the needy. In 1948, she was granted permission to work as a free nun, and the Catholic church granted her permission to begin a new religious order, called the Missionaries of Charity (Teresa, 8). She left the convent with only what she was wearing on her back, five rupees, and a rosary. She gave four of the rupees to the poor, and the last one to a priest. The same afternoon, a man had heard about her actions of selflessness and gave the priest fifty rupees to give to her. This goes to show how karma works in miraculous ways. Just imagine leaving home and going to a completely new place with close to nothing. This is what Sister Teresa did. On December 21, 1948, Teresa opened her first slum school in Moti Jheel in Calcutta (Parks). Her goal was to teach the poorest of children how to read, write, but also to teach them basic daily skills like how to bathe. She worked in this school for two years and then the Catholic church gave her permission to start a religious order called the Missionaries of Charity on October 7th, 1950. As she was the head of this mission, Sister Teresa became Mother Teresa and she also got her Indian Citizenship. The goal of the order was to help dying people, poor people, or any one less fortunate have a place to stay or get back on their feet. You could then apply to be a sister in her order by being healthy of mind and body, having the ability to learn, having common sense and a cheerful disposition (Teresa, 16). Once you were a sister, you would go through different vows before committing your life long vows to help unfortunate people. On March 25, 1963, the archbishop of Calcutta formally blessed the new order of the Missionary Brothers of Charity (Parks). Roughly six years later, they got the blessing from Pope Paul VI. The workforce behind the Missionaries of Charity swelled to thousands, usually sisters and brothers of the Catholic Church, helping the worlds poor at 200 centers in over 25 countries. (Stevenson). During this time, the AIDS epidemic was going around India and Mother Teresa took infected children and victims under her wing and took care of them. With Indiars population rapidly growing at this time, there were so many sick people that Mother Teresa and her charity took care of. Mother Teresa then started to open more houses of the Missionaries of Charity first in Venezuela, followed by Rome, Ceylon, Tanzania, and Australia. Her name and her story started to spread and made its way to the U.S. where she opened facilities for people infected with AIDS and another house was made for victims of rape ba ck in India. She enjoyed working in the west because she commented that though the West was materially prosperous, there was often a spiritual poverty. Her health started to decline in the 80rs and she was forced to give up her position in the Missionaries of Charity to another nun. A few days after her eighty seventh birthday in 1997, she passed away from a heart attack. The sisters and brothers of the Missionaries of Charity still go on today to help the needy in memory of Teresa. Since Mother Teresars death, the Missionaries of Charity have added 163 houses in eleven countries on five continents, totaling 757 centers in 134 countries so far (Bose and Faust 111). With the money she received from her Nobel Peace Prize, She asked that the award money be spent to feed Calcuttas poor, as this award honored their lives and the importance of helping them (Stevenson). She started one of her homes for the dying by finding an abandoned Hindu temple and creating a home for them. This goes to show how dedicated she was to helping others. She received the Medal of Freedom, the highest ranked United States civilian award and also received many honorary degrees from universities around the world. Through all her social work, she received many humanitarian prizes and honors. She was awarded the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize and the Joseph Kennedy Jr. Foundation Award in 1971 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 (Parks). All in all, Mother Teresa not only took physical care of these hurting people but showed them love through Jesus. She will always be remembered for her selfless character throughout her whole entire life. She changed the lives of the most disadvantaged people. Through the research about this amazing woman, I can certainly say, myself, and everyone should be more like her. To let go of the materialistic things and to really help someone in need is so important. Living in the U.S., I believe itrs hard to understand the things some of these people go through in less fortunate countries. Granted, with current medicine a lot of people can be healed, but showing love to people in need like Mother Teresa did is what people actually need. I strongly suggest everyone to get involved in their communities to help others. I can say myself that I am a part of Phi Mu at Kennesaw State University and one of my biggest goals through this chapter is to raise money for sick kids at Childrenrs Healthcare of Atlanta. Mother Teresars story only makes me want to get out and make a bigger impact! Works Cited Bose, Ruma, and Lou Faust. Mother Teresa, CEO: Unexpected Principles for Practical Leadership. Vol. 1st ed, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2011. Chidiac, Anthony. The Spirituality of Mother Teresa. Australasian Catholic Record, vol. 93, no. 4, Oct. 2016, pp. 469â€Å"477. EBSCOhost, login.proxy.kennesaw.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=120562532site=eds-livescope=site. Parks, Joyce M. Mother Teresa. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia, 2013. EBSCOhost, login.proxy.kennesaw.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ersAN=88802025site=eds-livescope=site. Stevenson, Keira. Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa, Aug. 2017, p. 1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=b6hAN=18053290site=brc-live. Vardley, Lucinda. Mother Teresa:A Simple Path. Ballantine Books, 1995.

My Nutrition Imbalance Caused By Not Eat Adequate Amounts...

Nutrition is a very important part of our everyday lives. Before a person can have a diet that meets their needs for weight maintenance or weight lost, they have to first understand their nutritional needs. Deity plus was used to track my food intake from Sunday February 26 through Thursday March 2. This process showed me that I need to take steps to address my nutrition imbalance caused by not eat adequate amounts of asdkfajskf, adfkajsfkls,a sdfnalskfj and consume too much salt because continuing my current eating habits could lead to adverse health consequences later in the future. In this paper, I will discuss, the major problems in my current diet, ways to fix them, and barriers that I may encounter. Before reviewing my food†¦show more content†¦This overconsumption may or may not be a problem since I am an athlete. There is an ongoing debate about whither athletes should be allowed to have more protein in their diet to help rebuild muscle after workouts. Current, my empty calorie intake is at 848.5, which is 319% of the recommended 266†¦This extra fat is being stored in my body as central and subcutaneous fat. †¦.On the other hand it is crystal clear the the consumption of too much salt is not good for the body. It can not only lead to hypertension, but could also cause electrolyte imbalance which leads to an area of other problems. My salt intake is at 3,210.31 mg. This is 214% of the recommended sodium intake of 1500 mg. The was even a red exclamation make located by this statistic to help draw my attention to it. Energy import and expenditure disbalance leading to weight gain†¦..Average calorie intake was 2081 and my average calorie expenditure was 1831. The difference between those two ( intake-expenditure) was an average net gain of 250 for the five days. The total calorie intake was 10403 and the total calorie expenditure was 9155, so the net gain over those five days was 1248. Intervention: reduce my salt intake by eating foods that are not as salty†¦. Educate myself on the average salt content of foods that are regular in my diet. Increase the variety of foods that I eat to include more vegetables, fruits, and dairy. Decrease protein consumption. Eat less energy dense foods. Myplate provided

Marketing Plan For Whole Foods Market - 1401 Words

1.0 Overview of the company: Whole Foods Market is a chain of organic, natural supermarkets found in USA, Canada and the UK. Initially founded in Austin, Texas in 1980, at a time when there were less than half a dozen natural supermarkets, the company saw rapid growth domestically through expanding across Texas and then into the West Coast of America. This was achieved through growth from the ground up and acquiring smaller natural food companies. Whole Foods Market in the present day is the result of acquiring 14 smaller firms - a key driver in breaking into the UK and Canadian markets. Marketed as ‘America’s healthiest grocery store’ the company has successfully grown to 408 stores across the world with sales of $14 billion in 2014 (Whole Foods Market, 2015). The firm is positioned as an upmarket grocery due to the emphasis on natural, organic origins, and as a result are able to charge a premium for their products. Through efficiently running its operations and stores, Whole Foods are able to maintain healthy 4.02% profit margins (Financial Times, 2015) and operating margins well above the American grocery store industry average at 6.58% (Bloomberg, 2015). Looking at 2015’s quarter 1 figures it is clear to see that Whole Foods have had a hugely successful year with sales of $4.7 billion, up 10% from the same period last year. Furthermore, they opened 9 new stores and have signed a further 11 new leases. 1.1 Why are they successful? As a company, Whole Foods Markets hasShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Market1587 Words   |  7 PagesCompany/Product Background For this Global Marketing Foreign Market Entry and Marketing Plan, we will be expanding the Whole Foods Market into Italy. Whole Foods Market is considered to be a higher end, more organic store with higher priced products than other markets in the United States. The motto of the brand is â€Å"America’s Healthiest Grocery Store† (Whole Foods Market History, 2016). They are concerned with what their customers are eating and overall health, so they offer so many products thatRead MoreMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Market1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction / History / Company Background Whole Foods Market first opened on September 20, 1980 in Austin, Texas, which is the company headquarters. The founders were John Mackey, Renee Lawson, Craig Weller, and Mark Skiles. These four business people decided that the natural food industry was ready for a supermarket format. The current CEO’s are John Mackey and Walter Robb IV (Whole Foods Market History, 2015). Whole Foods Market stock ticker symbol is WFM and their NACIS code is 445110 (WFM MorningstarRead MoreMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Market Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesTarget Customers: Whole foods Market targets people who are more interested in consuming high quality organic foods and living a healthy lifestyle. They want natural and organic foods and are willing to pay higher prices for that. They live in urban areas and are comparatively wealthy. Whole foods Market provides a lot of options for them and a memorable consumer experience when they shop for food. It makes sure to attract these people. In addition to this, to target average consumers it has introducedRead MoreMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Market1040 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizations run more efficiently and effectively (Gray, n.d.). Whole Foods Market (WF) is the largest natural-foods grocer in the United States. In addition, they have stores in Canada and the United Kingdom (Cuenllas, 2013). They have annual sales over $14 billion and net profits over $500 million in 2014 (Amigobulls, 2015). The company got its start in 1978 by John Mackey and Rene Lawson Hardy when opening the doors to a natural foods store called SaferWay, in Austin, Texas. Two years later, theyRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Marketing Plan937 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Market research is all about collecting information to give Kudler Fine Foods insight into the minds of their consumers, understanding what they want and knowing what they think about Kudler’s products, service, and competitors. Having a marketing plan helps gain an understanding of the market trends and trends of the food and beverage industry. Kudler Fine Foods marketing plan will include strategic additions, such as the distribution plan and pricing and positioning of Kudler, asRead MoreFinal Marketing Plan1088 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: MARKETING PLAN Marketing Plan: Acai-A-Vie Soft Drink Nancy Katz October 28, 2010 Week 6 Marketing Plan Acai-A-Vie soft drink is an organic berry fruit juice made into a soft drink. It is full of antioxidants and contains not only an exclusive blend of the powerful acai berry, but also contains nineteen other nutritious fruits. Each of these fruits provides the body with the antioxidants to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Whole Foods Market is a specialty organicRead MoreKudler Fine Foods1298 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Kudler Fine Foods Angela Bush MKT/421 February 19, 2012 Judith C. Allen Marketing Kudler Fine Foods Kudler fine foods is a store that markets fine foods but needs to bring some focus toward expanding their goods to the public. Improving their business operations will increase store efficiencies and the demand of its customers at a higher volume of purchases. The growth of this organization is significant and growth will coincide with strategic marketing that will expandRead MoreMarketing Mix1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe term marketing mix was first used in the late 1940s by Neil H. Borden (NetMBA, 2007). The original marketing mix introduced by Borden consisted of product, planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. Later E. Jerome McCarthy grouped the parts into the four P’s of marketing known as product, place, price and promotion (NetMBA, 2007). â€Å"A typical marketing mix includesRead MoreMarketing Research Mkt.4211054 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Research In the area of marketing and research development it is important to understand what goes into the process. â€Å"Companies today recognize that they cannot appeal to all buyers in the marketplace or at least not to all buyers in the same way (Armstrong and Kotler, 2009)†. Every buyer has there own specific needs and buying practices, so it is important to try to reach them all. In this essay Kudler Fine Foods will be discussed, their marketing strategy and tactics, identifyingRead MoreThe Meal M8 s Objective1552 Words   |  7 Pagesfocused on an underserved market segment: Healthy meals for children that allow simple preparation and social engagement between parents and their children. To achieve this goal or strategic position emphasizes: †¢ An easily searchable database with recipes prepared by a professional chef †¢ Focus on ingredients and recipes that appeal to children yet are healthy †¢ Searchable database that allows for easy functionality in replacing ingredients †¢ Partnership with whole foods with a focus on â€Å"in season†

The Role of Religion and Morality in Cats Cradle Essay

The Role of Religion and Morality in Cats Cradle As an author, Kurt Vonnegut has received just about every kind of praise an author can receive: his works held the same sway over American philosophy as did those of Jack Kerouac or J.R.R. Tolkein; his writing has received acclaim from academics and the masses alike; and three of his books have been made into feature films. Society has permanently and noticeably been altered by his writing. Through accessible language and easily-understood themes, Vonnegut has created works subtle, engrossing, and familiar. His main method for doing this is by exploiting a theme with which everyone is familiar and about which everyone has his own opinion: religion. Not many people are more†¦show more content†¦His works are significantly influenced by that genre, but contain strikingly relevant commentaries about contemporary American society which set him apart from other science-fiction writers. His use of science fiction draws a humorous contrast between the all-important significance of the nature of the universe and of reality, and the insignificance of human life and society. All of his works emphasize the enormous forces acting on his characters, not the least of which is fate. As his writing progressed and matured, this stylistic nuance became more and more evident. In his book Slaughterhouse Five, Vonnegut describes his own style by means of Tralfamadorians, an alien race for whom time is nonexistent, and whose literature reflects this: Each clump of symbols is a brief, urgent message describing a situation, a scene. We Tralfamadorians read them all at once, not one after the oth- er. There isn’t any particular r elationship between all the messages ex- cept that the author has chosen them carefully, so that, when seen all at once, they produce an image of life that is beautiful and surprising and deep. There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects. What we love in our books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time (88). Indeed, Vonnegut has dismissed temporal continuity in his writing, and has thus eliminatedShow MoreRelatedScience versus Religion in Cat’s Cradle1410 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Cat’s Cradle the main topic of debate is clearly science versus religion. In many ways, these two topics are very different, but in others, they are quite similar. Both science and religion have a common goal, to find truth in the world. The main character of Cat’s Cradle is a man named John. At the beginning of the book, John is a Christian who is doing research on Felix Hoenikker, the maker of the atomic bomb. His attempt to learn about the science behind the bomb leads him to a religion calledRead MoreCat s Cradle By Kurt Vonnegut1859 Words   |  8 Pages Cat’s Cradle is a children’s game in which a string, tied at both ends to make a loop, is used to make different shapes. Coincidentally, this is the game from where Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Cat’s Cradle gets its name. The story follows John, a journalist who is researching to write a book about the day the atomic bombs were dropped in Japan. Following through his journey, John finds himself meeting the Hoenikker household; family to Felix Hoenikker, who is frequently called â€Å"the father of the atomicRead MoreMeaning Of Life In Cats Cradle By Kurt Vonnegut1109 Words   |  5 Pageshis novel, Cat’s Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut’s brings attention to humanity’s voracious desire to place meaning or purpose on life and he uses the characters of the novel to show different ways in which they go about fulfilling that need. The stylistic choices Vonnegut used to create this novel, such as the use of humor to both entertain and provoke thought, leads me to think that while Vonnegut has a passive sense of an â€Å"ultimate meaning to life†, he believes in a necessary universal morality. The quoteRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  4 1 Pagesthe mens rea. Torture people to get them to confess and name accomplices Confessional devices/Torture devices Inquisitional Chair: Made of iron, spikes to pierce the skin and would heat as well Iron Spider: Hung from ceiling Cat’s Paw: Scratch individual Judas’ Cradle: Hoisted above stool and released on it Strappado: Individual left to hand, dropped just of ground Heretic’s Fork: Sharp device around neck, pierce neck and chin The Rack: Body elongate The Headcrusher; Tighten head Witchcraft

Essay on The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Infant Development

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was the first to develop a theory of human development with a focus on unconscious processes and instincts. Freud believed unconscious conflicts in early childhood can determine who a person will be in adulthood. He also believed that the mind contains three parts known as the id, ego, and superego, which govern a person’s judgment (Frank, 2013). The id, which Freud believed to be present at birth, is viewed as the childlike part of the unconscious. It is pleasure seeking and represents a person’s wants, instincts, and drives. The ego, which is both conscious and unconscious, is the adult part of a person’s mind as well as the compromising component between the id and the supergo. It serves as a†¦show more content†¦During the latency stage of development, a person’s energy is sublimated into activities such as school, sports, and friendships. Finally, in the genital stage the person reaches adolescence and sexual energy is focused onto others, and it is at this stage that all prior conflicts may once again arise (Maheshwari, 2013). Freud’s theory of the unconscious sparked an interest in a man named Carl Jung. He followed Freud to America, but later began his own theories on the mind. Carl Jung was another major traditional psychoanalyst. Jung’s theory of the unconscious differs slightly than that of Freud’s in that he divided the unconscious into two parts; the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious contains all of a person’s unconscious thoughts, ideas, and memories, including those that have been repressed. Jung believed the collective unconscious contains an innate knowledge about ways of reacting that have been inherited by human ancestry in what he called archetypes (Cherry, n.d.). Studies that support Jung’s theory found that there are a variety of emotions which correspond to every infant and are relevant to all cultures. Accordingly, a well-known Jungian analyst named Anthony Stevens found that attachment in infancy is proof of archetypes by the way this characteristic can be seen across the world and all cultures (p. 235). However, critics of Jung’s theory argue that the emerging f ield of epigenetics puts aShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud And Erik Erikson1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe psychoanalytic perspective was predominantly attained by parents of children with emotional problems 70- 80 decades ago. The discontinuous psychosexual and psychosocial theory takes place in stages in one course moving through drives that are biological along with societal expectations (Berk, 2013). The contributions to this perspective include both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Freud examined psychosexual theory and how those first childhood years of drives shape the personality. Thus, suchRead MoreFamily Youth Communtiy Sciences1484 Words   |  6 Pages 0.0/ 0.4 Points The stage concept assumes that change is A. development is a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with. B. change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing. C. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. D. development is a smooth, continuous process. Question 3 of 25 0.0/ 0.4 Points Dr. Kudrow views development as open to change in response to influential experiences. Dr. KudrowRead MoreThe Psychoanalytic Theory Of Human Development Research1074 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing constrained to infants and children, it has now been extended to include a wider range of a person’s lifespan (Berk, 2014, p. 3). This field studies topics like the theoretical perspective theories that are used in human development research. The Psychoanalytic perspective theory focuses on the emotional and social development, Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental theory accents the changes in thinking, while the Behaviorism and Social Learning and the Lifespan perspective discuss many aspectsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1060 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of human development deliver a framework to deliberate human growth, development, and learning. Understanding the theories can deliver useful contents into individuals and society a set of principles and concepts that describe life span development. Development perspectives are the psychoanalytic theory, behavior theory, humanistic approach and cognitive theory. Each theory focuses on different aspects of human development. The psychoanalytic is â€Å"the approach stating that behavior is motivatedRead MoreApproaches and Theories to Childhood or Lifespan Development864 Words   |  3 Pagesare various approaches to childhood or lifespan development that a mother could take to address the scenario listed in this assignment. One of the most eminent of these is known as behaviorism. This particular viewpoint posits that people act a certain way to do causes and effects, and that there are generally visibly observable causes and effects the produce and in turn are engendered by such behavior. If one were to use a behaviorism perspective to address this issue, one would note (or perhapsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychic Energy887 Words   |  4 PagesPsychoanalytic theory produces and expla nation to our behavior in terms of interaction of the various components of personality. Founded and established by Sigmund Freud (Lahey, 2009; Larsen Buss, 2012). In his theory psychic energy is the notion human nature relied on. He stated that the psychic energy is what motivates people and gives people motivation to do or not to do something. Freud stated there are strong forces, instinctual forces that provide all the energy, and he related these closelyRead MoreSigmund Freud : The Three Components Of Personality838 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics that are habitual and inform the way the person thinks and behaves. Similarly, personality can be described by a person’s response to stimuli and individually identifying traits. Various scholars have different perspectives about personality. Sigmund Freud in the Psychoanalytic theory described human personality by dividing it into three elements. He argued that there are three components which are the Id, Ego, and super ego. Each of the elements although separate has an impact on the other.Read MorePsychoanalytic Theories Explain Development As Unconscious Processes That Are Heavily Colored By Emotion846 Words   |  4 Pages Psychoanalytic theories explain development as unconscious processes that are heavily colored by emotion (Santrock 2014). Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist who established a psychosexual theory believing that development occurred during life stage conflicts between a source of pleasure and the demands of reality. Many theorists after Freud believed that there was a good basis in Freud’s theory but it relied too much on the idea of sexual instincts. One such theorist was Erik EriksonRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture Affect Development Of A Child, Conception, And The Contemporary Theories1690 Words   |  7 PagesLife Span Development From the time of conception to the time of death, we are constantly developing and changing. Although some of the changes are as a result of personal adoptions and incidences, most changes experienced are as a result of our shared biological and mental heritage as humans and are shared by all individuals in the globe. A lot of studies have been dedicated to the study of human growth and development. In the book, Lifespan development, various concepts have been discussed in theRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Red Scare Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe term â€Å"Oedipus complex† in his book The Interpretation of Dreams. The Oedipus complex is described as a child’s desire for the parent of the opposite sex, specifically a boy’s desire for his mother. Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages of development uses the Oedipus complex to not only describe a boy’s desire for his mother, but also his jealousy for his father. Freud theorizes that the boy sees his father as a rival for his mother’s affection. Essentially, the boy aims to replace his father

Meiji Japan, Colonialism and Beyond Free Essays

The most influential aspects that would come out of Japan’s war with China, (the First Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895) and the war with Russia (Russo-Japanese War 1904 – 1905) did not occur during the wars themselves, but rather in the years following the conflicts. These wars were, essentially, the precursors to the Imperial Japan of World War Two infamy. The First Sino-Japanese War showed Japan that the reforms and modernizations of the Mieji Restoration were working as opposed to China’s Self Strengthening Movement that had been a domestic failure. We will write a custom essay sample on Meiji Japan, Colonialism and Beyond or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"War was†¦declared on 1st August 1894, and although foreign observers had predicted an easy victory for the more massive Chinese forces, the Japanese had done a more successful job of modernizing, and they were better equipped and prepared. Japanese troops scored quick and overwhelming victories on both land and sea.†1   This war also established a relationship with western nations that resulted in tremendous improvements in Japan’s military. So profound were this improvements that Japan would later wage a successful war of for the â€Å"rights† to imperial interests against Russia that had a far superior military. In a way, Japan’s involvement in these wars did show the nation had developed similarities with Western nations beyond simply modernizing domestically in social and industrial terms. The foreign policy of Japan began to mimic the least desirable aspect of all of Western Europe’s foreign policy. This area of foreign policy was an emphasis on imperialism and colonization. The classical tradition of imperialism and colonization involved superior powered military incursions into other countries in order to conquer the nation, subjugate the people and strip the indigenous natural resources from the conquered nations. Winning the wars with China and Russia help set the stage for the coming of an Imperial Japan that would wage a massive war in the Pacific Seas during World War Two. By 1895 Japan was beginning to see the fruits of their labor as the defeat of China in several wars and the annexation of Taiwan brought Japan political recognition from many European countries.   Recognition from the European countries meant an escape from many of the treaties that had been forced upon Japan in the 1870’s, and an alliance with England in 1902.   Japan had finally won the respect of the developed world as a military power; however, they were still viewed as an inferior culture and were not afforded the same courtesies as predominantly Anglo-Saxon nations.2 With the war with China, Japan established a foothold as a colonizing empire as it would claim Korea as the prize for its expansion. With Russia, the victory was even more complex. In the part of the world where Japan resides, the bulk of the colonial incursions and wars were bought between eastern nations and western nations as well as eastern nations vs. other eastern nations. Japan’s victory against Russia marked the first time an eastern power defeated a western power in a war, the shockwaves of which reverberated throughout the world. Japan’s standing had greatly increased while Russia’s standing was greatly diminished. For Russia, the loss was yet another link in the chain of events that would lead to the Bolshevik Revolution and for Japan, the second link in the chain (a second victorious war) that would lead to Japan’s brutal World War Two imperialist fantasies was solidified. Imperial powers are amoral, but they are not suicidal. That is, it is rare that imperial expansions are undertaken against strong or powerful nations. Japan’s wins in the First Sino-Japanese War and the Japanese-Russian War were important in the sense that, for lack of a better explanation, saw Japan gain valuable experience in the art of waging war. Furthermore, they established to the world that they were a viable, major power. More importantly, internally, the wins provided feedback to the rulers that Japan’s military strategies worked and that their army and navy was indeed formidable. The seeds were planted with these victories that laid the foundation for even further expansions that would result in the World War Two’s War in the Pacific. Imperialist nations to not launch wars that they feel they are going to lose. In terms of colonizing, a loss would be self-defeating and a drain of the nation. A successful colonization incursion eventually pays for itself by way of the colonized nation providing wealth in terms of losing the rewards of its natural resources. The victories in the wars with China and Russia emboldened Japan to have faith enough in itself to join the Axis powers. The expansion of the military from its victories against China and Russia lead to an immorality that would yield biological war in China and forced starvation in the Philippines. The mere fact that Japan attacked a superpower the size of the United States speaks volumes for the confidence Japan had in its military prowess. On the surface, these two wars Japan was involved with were seemingly successful and expanded Japan’s colonial interests and ambitions, but ultimately, the wars proved disastrous as they were step towards Japan’s downfall World War Two only brought Japan defeat, humiliation and devastation via the Atomic Bomb. Works Cited Anon., â€Å"Imperial Japan†, available , Internet, accessed 05 November 2006. Russo-Japanese War Research Society, â€Å"Forerunners, The Sino-Japanese War†, available from http://www.russojapanesewar.com/phila-2.html, Internet, accessed 05 November 2006. National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies, â€Å"Japan’s Imperial Family†, available from http://www.indiana.edu/~japan/iguides/imperial.html, Internet, accessed 05 November 2006. 1 Russo-Japanese War Research Society, â€Å"Forerunners, The Sino-Japanese War†, available from   http://www.russojapanesewar.com/phila-2.html, Internet, accessed 05 November 2006. 2 Anon., â€Å"Imperial Japan†, available from http://filebox.vt.edu/users/jearnol2/ MeijiRestoration/imperial_japan.htm, Internet, accessed 05 November 2006. How to cite Meiji Japan, Colonialism and Beyond, Essay examples

Freedom of Religion- Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Freedom of Religion. Answer: Introduction: In Australia, very limited number of freedoms is stated in the constitution, and one freedom which is directly protected by the constitution in Australia is the freedom of religion choice. This freedom of religious choice is protected by section 116 of the constitution. This section of constitution is of very high importance because this section ensures that Parliament will observe the true difference between what property belongs to the church and what to the state. However, it must be noted that this section not always ensures religious freedom because in the commonwealth structure of Australia Constitution scheduled only those matters on which parliament has power to make laws and in case matter is not within the authority of federal government then parliament has no power to make law on such matters[1]. In this paper we analyze this section on the basis of Three case laws that is Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1, Attorney- General (Vic)(Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth (1981) 146 CLR 559 and Krygger v Williams 1912 HC 65 15 CLR 36[2]. This paper also includes following topics history of constitutional provision, detail identification and analysis of stated case laws, comparative analysis how this freedom is regulated in any other country, and whether constitution must be amended as per amended on this particular matter. Subsequently this essay s concluded with brief conclusion. Statutory provision of Section 116: Section 116 of the Commonwealth Constitution impose prohibition on the parliament in Australia to introduce any legislation in order to establish any religion, commanding compliance in relation to religion, and levy prevention on the unrestricted use of any religion, and it also prohibits the religious test for the purpose of qualifying the office in the Commonwealth. This section is also depends on the anti-establishment clause introduced in America in the first amendment and Article VI s3 for the purpose of conducting test related to religion for to taking office. It must be noted that no law has been ever passed which is considered as offensive to the section 116 prohibition. This prohibition only applies to the laws of commonwealth and not to the state laws. This right of religious freedom is considered as fundamental right not only in Australia and also in various international human rights documents such as Article 9(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights for the purpose of protecting the right related to freedom of religion and it also manifest this right in relation of worship or practice, but it subject to limited exceptions[3]. History of Section 116: Constitution of Australia was the hot topic of debate for almost a decade even before it was adoption in the period of 1901. Researchers stated that reference of term God in the Australian constitution were actually given for the purpose of satisfying the religious views of different groups of delegates who participate in the pre-Federation conferences and also include a movement which is conducted for the purpose of recognizing the god in the constitution. During the period of federation in Australia, religious climate has been defined as one which was tolerance based, and on which government was concerned for the advancement of Christian religion or for the anti-sectarian endorsement of religion. It has been argued that religion climate was mainly aims to make sure that religion aspect was tried to keep out of discourse of public and also that consideration related to religious does not affect any policy related to public. Not even on single stage founders of Australian Federal system considered as motivated from the concept of relation between the religion and the state itself was not desirable thing. Originator of section 116 was Tasmanian Attorney-General, Andrew Inglis Clark. However, it was presumed that motivation of Clarks for imposing religious freedom in particular cases was because of his own Unitarian background[4]. Both Edmund Barton and Henry Bournes Higgins were stated that reference to god does not indicate any implicit federal power for legislating in relation to religion and also projected a protection for guaranteeing that it did not occur. It must be noted at initial stage neither the motion nor the safeguard were passed[5]. Identification and analysis of case laws: In case Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1, Plaintiff claimed that there was impugned laws which put prohibition on the free exercise of the beliefs related to aboriginal religious by differentiating the individual from their culture of aboriginal in relation of contravention of section 116 of the constitution[6]. Section 116 also prohibits the commonwealth government from prohibiting autonomous of any religion. In this case, Gaudron J stated that section 116 extends various provisions for authorizing acts for the purpose of preventing freely chosen of any religion. Gaudron J also put rejection on the approach of Griffith CJ stated by him at earlier stage which he adopted in Krygger v Williams who stated that only those laws breach section 116 which put direct prohibition on religious practices. Her Honour further prepared for the purpose of assuming that exercise of power stated under the peoples ordinance which prevents particular number of people from freely following their re ligion which was aboriginal culture and practices with the other of their community. She stated the issue whether these restrictions could ever be justified. In Australia, freedom of religion is considered as absolute freedom. Particularly, section 116 is only infringes by law if purpose of that law is to put prohibition on the free exercise of a religion. However, for the purpose of ascertaining true motive of any law test was conducted by Gaudron J, and this test is known as test of proportionality. Any law will not be considered as law for the purpose of prohibiting the autonomous of any religion, but in actual it does just that or operates with consequences in direct manner. It is necessary to fulfill some overriding public purposes and to satisfy some pressing social needs. Such law does not have any affect if such law is passed for specific purpose and does not connect with the religious freedom and affects that freedom in any way. In this case, Gaudron J stated that claim filed by plaintiff could not be considered at this stage of trial because there are number of questions of facts and law had to be resolved such as whether aboriginal religion was actually impeded and pleading must be entered only for the actual purpose of the ordinance[7]. In this case, Toohey stated that section 116 was actually directed for the purpose of law making of law rather than law administration? Therefore any anti-religious purposes have to be evinced from the statue face, and this interpretation makes section 116 less effective in relation to provide guarantee of freedom religion. It is necessary that law must provide ostensible purpose of inhibiting religious practice, instead of affecting the inhibiting religious freedom before it can be found that law breached section 116. In this case, judges duly decided that language of that particular ordinance does not show any purpose of restricting the religious freedom of aboriginals. Brennan CJ, Dawson and Gummow JJ agreed with this decision, and stated that Section 116 does not restrict any power of legislative nature under section 112 because of the plenary nature of that power. Claim made by plaintiff under section 116 have been failed with the majority confirming its apparent limited liability[8]. Attorney- General (Vic)(Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth (1981) 146 CLR 559, is the only case where the scope of establishment clause was considered with respect to organizations known as defense of government schools[9]. In this case the federal funding which religious organizations operate was challenged by organization. In this case, it was stated by the high court that the establishment clause is not violated by such funding as it was used for the purpose of education purposes conventional in nature. Setting strict, restrictive and high threshold has been pointed out as the main cause in support of this case. In this case it was held by the majority that only prohibitions are imposed on the commonwealth by the establishment clause with respect to enacting any provisions that create religion or national church with purpose It has to be considered that ongoing strong point of the authority in relation to the decision provided in DOGS case has been subjected to questions, and one primary cause behind this was that the case had been decided in 1981 and as a result the High Court has accepted a more liberal approach for interpreting safeguards and constitutional rights. However, such narrow interpretation makes the interpretation clause meaningless clause because such interpretation only ban the Federal government creating a national church as it would have no powers. However, the argument regarding the capability of Section 116 with respect to application of any law which may have a binding effect and not merely for establishing a religion, imposing provisions on religions, stating religious test and preventing unrestricted use of religion has been provided through this case. In the case of Krygger v Williams 1912, it was provided by the High court that any provisions which needs turnout at essential harmony military exercise by persons who refuse this exercise on ongoing basis in relation to religious grounds. Further it had been stated by the court that such provision provides for turnout at essential harmony military exercise does not violate the unrestricted implementation of section 116. Thus any provisions which necessitates the public to a particular performance which has no relation to religion in any express or implied way is not preventing the public from an unrestricted use of religion. In the given case, it was further stated by Griffith CJ that if any provisions necessitates the public to commit a specific act which is forbidden by their religion then the specific act can be objected on ethical grounds, however it cannot be considered to be falling under the scope of prohibitions related to Section 116. It was suggested by the statements made by Griffith CJ that unrestrictive use clause is only in relation to those particular clauses through which religious practices are banned or prohibition with respect to the exercise of any religion is made. With respect to the case of Jehovahs Witnesses, the ban of Jehovahs Witness was challenged under defense provisions. The group doctrine was made illegal as an effect of this ban and it was not legally published or printed with respect to their belief or held meetings conducted meeting advocating such belief. In case the regulations in question were not consistent with the National Security Act 1939 (Cth) and, in addition, not within the defense authority in s 51(vi) of the Constitution, the decision given for with respect to the interpretations of s 116. However, a broad view with respect to the free exercise clause was taken by the Judges of Jehovahs Witnesses case, in addition it was also assumed by them that a facially-neutral regulation which has been engaged at the overpowering of dissident organizations, and putting burden on the religion as a result of its effects, then the law is effected by such clause. United States constitution and Section 116 Comparison: It has been stated by Article VI of the United States Constitution that with respect to any qualification for any public trust or office under the United States no religious test is required. This is not an accidental similarity between the United States and Australian constitution. In Australia, 19th Century was highly affected from the history of religious conflict of sectarianism and religious oppression. There is also a little difference between both the constitutions such as in America experience of the persecution of minority religious sects had been considered as directly relevant to the original founding and in some cases religious freedom as consequence was already get protection in various state constitutions and some constitutions include the requirement related to religious test for public tests. On the other hand, in Australia it was sectarianism in which conflict is arise between the Protestants and Catholics which actually raised concerns and also provide historical backgrounds for the framers of Australia's Constitution. Till the period of 1890 there are number of Australian communities which faced sectarian issue and especially focused on questions of state financial aid to schools. After the period of 1870 when colonial parliaments initiate to pass laws for compulsory education for the purpose of refusing financial aid to religious or parochial schools[10]. Recommendations: However, it is necessary to extend the scope of section 116 because this section is no more than limit on commonwealth power, and it also not guarantee religious freedom to the citizens of Australia. As peer this section commonwealth cannot impose any restriction on the religious right of person but such restriction can be imposed in other forms. This section also allowed some other law to be part of any law which is against the section 116 but fulfills any aim of commonwealth. Therefore, it is necessary that constitution must widen up its scope and also prohibits other laws and practices which infringes the religious rights of any person. Conclusion: In this paper, it can be concluded that the scope of Section 116 of the Australian constitution based on three case laws, and as per this report, section 116 of the Commonwealth Constitution prohibits the parliament in Australia to pass any law for the purpose of imposing religious observance, establishing the religion, preventing the unrestrictive use of any religion, and it also prohibits any religious test from being compulsory as a qualification for office in the Commonwealth. This section allowed the Parliament for observing the true difference between what properly belongs to the church and what to the state. After analyzing all the above facts of this essay it is clear that, it is necessary to extend the scope of section 116 because this section is no more than limit on commonwealth power, and it also not guarantee religious freedom to the citizens of Australia. As per this section commonwealth cannot impose any restriction on the religious right of person but such restriction can be imposed in other forms. Therefore, it is concluded that Section 116 does not provide any guarantee to the freedom of religion to Australian citizens References: ALRC, Freedom of Religion, https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/protections-statutory-encroachment-22#_ftn29, Accessed on 18th June 2017. Anthony Gray, Section 116 Of The Australian Constitution And Dress Restrictions, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2011/15.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. APH, Freedom of religion and Belief in Australia https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/wopapub/house/committee/jfadt/Religion/relchap4_pdf.ashx, Accessed on 18th June 2017. Attorney- General (Vic)(Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth (1981) 146 CLR 559. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION ACT - SECT 116. Ethical rights, Freedom of Religion, https://www.ethicalrights.com/submissions/freedom-of-religion/68-religion-and-the-state-constitution-roles-and-responsibilities, Accessed on 18th June 2017. Forum on Public policy. Religious Freedom and Section 116 of the Australian Constitution: Would a Banning of the Hijab or Burqa Be Constitutionally Valid, https://forumonpublicpolicy.com/vol2011.no2/archivevol2011.no2/gray.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. High Court of Australia, Kruger v Commonwealth [1997] HCA 27; (1997) 190 CLR 1; (1997) 146 ALR 126; (1997) 71 ALJR 991 (31 July 1997), https://www.asser.nl/upload/documents/DomCLIC/Docs/NLP/Australia/Kruger_High_Court_31-07-1997.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1. Krygger v Williams (1915) 15 CLR 366, 369. Luke Beck, The Establishment Clause of the Australian Constitution: Three Propositions and a Case Study [2014] Adelaide Law Review 225, 2256. Meredith Doig , (2014), Clause in the Australian and United States constitutions, https://www.rationalist.com.au/same-difference-a-comparison-of-the-establishment-clause-in-the-australian-and-united-states-constitutions/, Accessed on 18th June 2017. Sarah Joseph, Kruger v Commonwealth: Constitutional Rights and the Stolen Generations, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MonashULawRw/1998/18.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. [1] Ethical rights, Freedom of Religion, https://www.ethicalrights.com/submissions/freedom-of-religion/68-religion-and-the-state-constitution-roles-and-responsibilities, Accessed on 18th June 2017 [2] Krygger v Williams (1915) 15 CLR 366, 369. [3] Forum on Public policy. Religious Freedom and Section 116 of the Australian Constitution: Would a Banning of the Hijab or Burqa Be Constitutionally Valid, https://forumonpublicpolicy.com/vol2011.no2/archivevol2011.no2/gray.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. [4] APH, Freedom of religion and Belief in Australia https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/wopapub/house/committee/jfadt/Religion/relchap4_pdf.ashx, Accessed on 18th June 2017. [5] Anthony Gray, Section 116 Of The Australian Constitution And Dress Restrictions, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2011/15.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. [6] Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1 [7] Sarah Joseph, Kruger v Commonwealth: Constitutional Rights and the Stolen Generations, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MonashULawRw/1998/18.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. [8] High Court of Australia, Kruger v Commonwealth [1997] HCA 27; (1997) 190 CLR 1; (1997) 146 ALR 126; (1997) 71 ALJR 991 (31 July 1997), https://www.asser.nl/upload/documents/DomCLIC/Docs/NLP/Australia/Kruger_High_Court_31-07-1997.pdf, Accessed on 18th June 2017. [9] Attorney- General (Vic)(Ex rel Black) v Commonwealth (1981) 146 CLR 559 [10] Meredith Doig , (2014), Clause in the Australian and United States constitutions, https://www.rationalist.com.au/same-difference-a-comparison-of-the-establishment-clause-in-the-australian-and-united-states-constitutions/, Accessed on 18th June 2017.

How My Brother Leon Brough Home a Wife free essay sample

Baldo and his brother Leon waiting for the arrival of their visitor riding the carretella. Seeing his brother’s wife, Baldo was easily taken away by the beauty of Maria. Baldo describe Maria as lovely girl, tall, have a long nails and fragrant like a morning when papayas are in bloom. When they got home, Leon asks her mother quickly if where is their father. The father calls Baldo to ask some question when they went home. Baldo tell everything. Conclusion The story How _My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife, _is the common story of some people when they get living and find their independency to living. Somehow, the story can tell that it is from the true story or a non-fiction. It tells the differences of two places, the Barrio Nagrebcan of Bauang La Union and Manila, the province and the city. In City there’s people noises, polluted surrounding, many houses and cars while in the province you’ve only seen some houses and wide fields. We will write a custom essay sample on How My Brother Leon Brough Home a Wife or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The differences also on the traditional names and modern ones like â€Å"Maria† can be â€Å"Mayang† or â€Å"Maring†. In characters, Baldo was amazed to the beauty of Maria, and felt some envy to his brother to have her. He describes Maria like as the most beautiful woman he met. But he’s think also if what his father feels when he see Maria. Leon, feels like comfortable and confidence on what will be the reaction of his father. He told to maria the gis father is an OGRE. The word ogre is a symbolism. It symbolizes what Maria’s thoughts to Leon’s father.

Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture Essay Example

Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture Paper The IT nits may be distributed according to business donation, geographic location, or both. All or any of the IT functions may be distributed. The degree to which they are distributed will vary depending upon the philosophy and objectives to the organizations management. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of distributed data processing? Response: The advantages of EDP are: a. Cost reductions b. Improved cost control responsibility C. Improved user satisfaction d. Back up flexibility. The disadvantages (risks) are: a. Inefficient use Of resources b. Destruction of audit trails c. Inadequate segregation of duties . Difficulty acquiring qualified professionals e. Lack of standards 5. What types of tasks become redundant in a distributed data processing system? Response: Autonomous systems development initiatives distributed throughout the firm can result in each user area reinventing the Wheel rather than benefiting trot the work to others. For example, application programs created by one user, which could be used with little or no change by others, will be redesigned from scratch rather than shared. Likewise, data common to many users may be recreated for each, resulting in a high level of data redundancy. This situation has implications for data accuracy and consistency. 6. Explain Why certain duties that are deemed incompatible in a manual system may be combined in a CBS computer-based information system environment. Give an example. Response: The IT (CBS) environment tends to consolidate activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding and Developing Organizational Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A single application may authorize, process, and record all aspects Of a transaction. Thus, the focus of segregation control shifts from the operational level (transaction processing tasks that computers now perform) to higher. Level organizational relationships within the computer services function. 7. What are the three primary CBS functions that must be separated? Response: The three primary CBS functions that must be separated are as follows: a. Separate systems development from computer operations, b. Separate the database administrator from other functions , and c. Operate new systems development from maintenance. 8. What exposures do data consolidation in a CSS environment pose? Response: In a CBS environment, data consolidation exposes the data to losses from natural and man-made disasters. Consolidation creates a single point of failure. Â  The only way to back up a central computer site against disasters is to roved a second computer facility. 9. What problems may occur as a result of combining applications programming and maintenance tasks into one position? Response: One problem that may occur is inadequate documentation. Documenting is not considered as interesting a task as designing testing, and implementing a new system, thus a systems professional may move on to a new project rather than spend time documenting an almost complete project. Job security may be another reason a programmer may not fully document his or her work. Another problem that may occur is the increased potential for program raid. Fifth original programmer generates fraudulent code during development, then this programmer, through maintenance procedures, may disable the code prior to audits. Thus, the programmer can continue to cover his or her tracks. 10. Why is poor-quality systems documentation a prevalent problem? Response: Poor-quality systems documentation is a chronic IT problem and a significant challenge for many organizations seeking SOX compliance. At least two explanations are possible for this phenomenon. First, documenting systems is not as interesting as designing, testing, and implementing them. Systems repossession much prefer to move on to an exciting new project rather than document one just complete The second possible reason for poor documentation is job security. When a system is poorly documented, it is difficult to interpret, test, and debug. Therefore, the programmer who understands the system (the one who coded it) maintains bargaining power and becomes relatively indispensable. When the programmer leaves the firm, however, a new programmer inherits maintenance responsibility for the undocumented system. Depending on its complexity, the transition period may be long and costly. 11. What is RAID? Response: RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks) use parallel disks that contain redundant elements of data and applications. If one disk fails, the lost data are automatically reconstructed from the redundant components stored on the other disks. 2. What is the role off data librarian? Response: A data librarian, who is responsible for the receipt, storage, retrieval, and custody to data tiles, controls access to the data library. The librarian issues data files to computer operators in accordance with program requests and takes custody files when processing or backup procedures are completed. The trend in recent years toward real-time processing and the increased use of direct- access files has reduced or even eliminated the role of the data librarian in many organizations, 13. What is the role off corporate computer services department? How does this differ from other configurations? Response: The role Of a corporate computer services department (IT function) differs in that it is not a completely centralized model: rather, the group plays the role Of provider Of technical advice and expertise to distributed computer services. Tours, it provides much more support than would be received in a impolitely distributed model. A corporate computer services department provides a means for central testing of commercial hardware and software in an efficient manner. Further, the corporate group can provide users with services such as installation of new software and troubleshooting hardware and software problems. The corporate group can establish systems development, programming, and documentation standards, The corporate group can aid the user groups in evaluating the technical credentials of prospective systems professionals, 14, What are the five risks associated with distributed data processing? Response: The Five risks associated with distributed data processing are as a. Inefficient use of resources, destruction of audit trails, c. Inadequate segregation of duties, potential inability to hire qualified professionals, and e. Lack of standards. IS List the control features that directly contribute to the security of the computer center environment. A. Physical location controls b. Construction controls c. Access controls d. Air conditioning e. Fire suppression f. Fault tolerance 16. What is data conversion? Response: The data conversion function transcribes transaction data from paper source documents into computer input. For example, data conversion could be keying sales orders into a sales order application in modern systems or transcribing data into magnetic media (tape or disk) suitable for computer processing in legacy-type systems. 17, What may be contained in the data library? Response: The data library is a room adjacent to the computer center that provides safe storage for the off-line data files, Those files could be backups or current data files. For instance, the data library could store backups on DVDs, CD-Rooms, tapes, or other storage devices, It could also store live, current data lies on magnetic tapes and removable disk packs. In addition, the data library could store the original copies of commercial soft. are and their licenses for safekeeping. 18. What is an ORG Response: A recovery operations center (ROCK) or hot site is a fully equipped backup data center that many companies share. In addition to hardware and backup facilities, ROCK service providers Offer a range of technical services to their clients, who pay an annual fee for access rights. In the event of a major disaster, a subscriber can occupy the premises and, within a few hours, resume processing critical applications. , What is a cold site? The empty shell or cold site plan is an arrangement wherein the company buys or leases a building that will serve as a data center. In the event of a disaster, the shell is available and ready to receive whatever hardware the temporary user requires to run its essential data processing systems. 20. What is fault tolerance? Response: Fault tolerance is the ability of the system to continue operation when part of the system fails due to hardware failure, application program error, or operator error. Implementing fault tolerance control ensures that no single mint of potential system failure exists Total failure can occur only in the event of the failure of multiple components, or system-wide failure. 21. What are the often-cited benefits of IT outsourcing? Response: Often-cited benefits Of IT outsourcing include improved core business performance, improved IT performance (because of the vendors expertise), and reduced IT costs. 22. Define commodity IT asset. Response: Commodity IT assets are those assets that are not unique to a particular organization and are thus easily acquired in the marketplace. These include such things are nonvoter management, systems operations, server maintenance, and help-desk functions. 23. Define specific asset. Response: Specific assets, in contrast to commodity assets, are unique to the organization and support its strategic objectives. Because of their idiosyncratic nature, specific assets have little value outside of their current use. 24, List five risks associated with IT outsourcing. A. Failure to perform b. Vendor exploitation c. Outsourcing costs exceed benefits d. Reduced security e. Loss Of strategic advantage Discussion Questions 1. How is pre-SOX IT governance different from post-SOX IT governance? Response: Prior to SOX, the common practice regarding IT investments was to defer all decisions to corporate IT professionals. Modern IT governance, however, follows the philosophy that all corporate stakeholders, including boards of directors, top management, and department users (i. E. Accounting and finance) be active participants in key IT decisions. Such broad-based involvement reduces risk and increases the likelihood that IT decisions will be in compliance with user needs, corporate policies, strategic initiatives, and internal control requirements under SOX. . Although IT governance is a broad area, only three aspects of IT governance are discussed in the chapter. Name them and explain why these topics were chosen. Response: Although all IT governance issues are important to the organization, not all of them are matters of internal control under SOX that may potentially impact the financial reporting process. This chapter examined three IT governance issues that are addressed by SOX and the COOS internal control framework. These are: a. Organizational structure of the IT function, b. Computer center operations, and Disaster recovery planning. 3. What types of incompatible activities are prone to becoming consolidated in a distributed data processing system? HOW can this be prevented? Response: Achieving an adequate segregation of duties may not be possible in some distributed environments. The distribution of the IT services to users may result in the creation of small independent units that do not permit the desired separation of incompatible functions. For example, within a single unit the same person may write application programs, perform program maintenance, enter transaction data into the computer, and operate the computer equipment. Such a situation would be a fundamental violation of internal control. 4. Why would an operational manager be willing to take on more work in the tort of supervising an information system? Response: Managers are responsible for the success of their divisions, If the benefits to be reaped from a EDP are expected to be great enough, the manager may find it is worth her or his while to expend the extra effort, Some of the benefits the manager may hope will materialize within the divisions are more efficiently run operations, better decision making, and reduced processing costs. Increased customer satisfaction may also result if the DOPE system is more accommodating. 5. HOW can data be centralized in a distributed data processing system? Response: The data is stored centrally, but updated or processed at the local (remote) site. Thus, data is retrieved from the centralized data store, processed locally, and then sent back to the centralized data store. 6. Should standards be centralized in a distributed data processing environment? Explain. Response: The relatively poor control environment imposed by the EDP model can be improved by establishing some central guidance. The corporate group can contribute to this goal by establishing and distributing to user areas appropriate standards for systems development, programming, and documentation. 7. How can human behavior be considered one of the biggest potential threats to operating system integrity? Response: The purpose of segregation of duties is to deal with the potential negative aspects of human behavior including errors and fraud. The relationship between systems development (both new systems development and maintenance) and computer operations activities poses a potential risk that can circumvent operating system integrity. These functions are inherently incompatible. With detailed knowledge of application logic and control parameters and access to the computers operating system and utilities, an individual could make unauthorized changes to the application during its execution. 8. A bank in California has thirteen branches spread throughout northern California, each With its own minicomputer where its data are stored. Another bank has 10 branches spread throughout California, with its data stored on a mainframe in San Francisco. Which system do you think is more vulnerable to unauthorized access? Excessive losses from disaster? Response: The bank that has the data for all of its branches stored on one mainframe computer is at greater risk of access control. All of the firms records are centrally housed. Once a perpetrator gains unauthorized access to the system, the data for all 10 branches are at risk, For the other bank the perpetrator would have to breach security for each of the thirteen branch computers. Thus, the bank with all of data centrally stored on a mainframe is more vulnerable to access control. The primary disasters of concern in California are earthquakes and fires. The bank with a central mainframe in San Francisco is robbery at the greatest risk of damage from both earthquakes and fires. If that system is destroyed, all of the branches lose their processing capability and, possibly, stored data. 9. End-user computing has become extremely popular in distributed data processing organizations. The end users like it because they feel they can more readily design and implement their own applications. Does this type of environment always foster more efficient development Of applications? Explain your answer. Response: Distributed data processing if not properly managed, may result in duplication of efforts. Two or more individual end users may develop similar applications While completely unaware Of each Others efforts. Such duplication is an inefficient use of human resources. 10. Compare and contrast the following disaster recovery options: mutual aid pact, empty shell, recovery operations center, and internally provided backup. Rank them from most risky to least risky, as well as from most costly to least costly. Response: A mutual aid pact requires two or more organizations to agree to and trust each other to aid the other with data processing needs in the event of a disaster. This method is the lowest cost, but also somewhat risky. First, the host company must be trusted to scale back its own processing in order to process the transactions of the disaster-stricken company, Second, the firms must not be affected by the same disaster, or the plan fails. The next lowest cost method is internally provided backup. With this method, organizations with multiple data processing centers may invest in internal excess capacity and support themselves in the case of disaster in one data processing center. This method is not as risky as the mutual aid pact because reliance on another organization is to a factor. In terms of cost, the next highest method is the empty shell where two or more organizations buy or lease space for a data processing center. The space is made ready for computer installation; however, no computer equipment is installed. This method requires lease or mortgage payments as well as payment for air conditioning and raised floors. The risk in this method is that the hardware, software, and technicians may be difficult, if not impossible, to have available in the case Of a natural disaster. Further, if multiple members systems crash simultaneously, an allocation problem exists. The method with lowest risk and also the highest cost is the recovery operations center. This method takes the empty shell concept one step further-?the computer equipment is actually purchased and software may even be installed. Assuming that this site is far enough away from the disaster-stricken area not to be affected by the disaster, this method can be a very good safeguard. 1 1. Who should determine and prioritize the critical applications? How is this done? How frequently is it done? Response: The critical applications should be identified and prioritize by the seer departments, accountants, and auditors, The applications should be prioritize based upon the impact on the short-run survival of the firm. The frequency with which the priorities need to be assessed depends upon the amount and kinds of changes that are made to systems over time. Firms that make changes frequently should reassess priorities frequently. 12. Why is it easier for programmers to perpetrate a fraud than operators? Response: It is much easier for programmers to perpetrate a fraud because they know the code. They know how to get around Some, or most, Of the embedded controls. Better yet, some programmers deliberately program code that gets them around controls and allows them to commit fraud. 13. Why should an organization centralize the acquisition, testing, and implementation of software and hardware within the corporate IT function? Response: The corporate IT group is better able to evaluate the merits of competing vendor software and hardware. A central, technically astute group such as this can evaluate systems features, controls, and compatibility with industry and organizational standards most efficiently. Test results can then be strutted to user areas as standards for guiding acquisition decisions. 14 Organizations sometimes locate their computer centers in the basement of their buildings to avoid normal traffic flows, Comment on this practice. Response: Locating the computer center in the basement to a building can create an exposure to disaster risk such as floods. The Chicago Board of Trade computer centers systems were located in the basement of a multi-storied office building in Chicago. When the century-old water pipelines burst, part of the first floor and the entire basement flooded. Trade was suspended for several days until system functionality could be restored, causing the loss of millions of dollars. This disaster would have been prevented if the computer center had simply been located on the top floor-?still away from normal traffic flows, but also away from the risk of flood. 15. The 2003 blackout that affected the U. S. Northeast caused numerous computer failures. What Can an organization do to protect itself from such uncontrollable power failures? Response: The decision regarding power controls can be an expensive one and usually requires the advice and analysis of experts. The following, however, are options that can be employed. Voltage regulators and surge protectors provide regulated electricity. Related to the level of electricity (frequency), and clean electricity, related to spikes and other potential hazards. Power outages and brownouts can generally be controlled with a battery backup (known as an uninterruptible power supply). 16. Discuss potential problem with ROCs. Response: Because of the heavy investment involved, ROCS are typically shared among many companies. The firms either buy shares in or become subscribers to the ROCK, paying monthly fees for rights to its use, That situation does provide mom risk because a widespread natural disaster may affect numerous entities in the same general geographic area, If multiple entities share the same ROCK, some firm or firms will end up queued in a waiting line. 17. Discuss two potential problems associated with a cold site. A. Recovery depends on the timely availability of the necessary computer hardware to restore the data processing function. Management must obtain assurances from hardware vendors that the vendor will give priority to meeting the organizations needs in the event Of a disaster. An unanticipated hardware apply problem at this critical juncture could be a fatal blow. B. With this approach there is the potential for competition among users for the shell resources, the same as for a hot site. For example, a widespread natural disaster, such as a flood or earthquake, may destroy the data processing capabilities of several shell members located in the same geographic area. Those affected by the disaster would be faced with a second major problem: how to allocate the limited facilities of the shell among them. The situation is analogous to a sinking ship that has an inadequate number of lifeboats. 8. Discuss three techniques used to achieve fault tolerance. A. Redundant arrays of inexpensive (or independent) disks (RAID), There are several types to RAID configurations. Essentially, each method involves the use of parallel disks that contain redundant elements of data and applications. If one disk fails, the lost data are automatically reconstructed from the redundant components stored on the other disks, b. Uninterruptible power supplies. In the event of a power outage, short-term backup power (i. E. , battery power) is provided to allow the system to shut down n a controlled manner. This process will prevent the data loss and corruption that would otherwise result from an uncontrolled system crash, lag. Explain the outsourcing risk of failure to perform Response: Once a client firm has outsourced specific IT assets, its performance becomes linked to the vendors performance. The negative implications Of such dependency are illustrated in the financial problems that have plagued the huge outsourcing vendor Electronic Data Systems Cop. DES). In a cost-cutting effort, DES terminated seven thousand employees, which impacted its ability to serve Other clients. Following an eleven-year low in share prices, DES stockholders filed a class-action lawsuit against the company. Clearly, vendors experiencing such serious financial and legal problems threaten the viability of their clients also. 20. Explain vendor exploitation. Response: Once the client firm has divested itself of specific assets it becomes dependent on the vendor. The vendor may exploit this dependency by raising service rates to an exorbitant level, As the clients IT needs develop over time beyond the original contract terms, it runs the risk that new or incremental revises will be negotiated at a premium, This dependency may threaten the clients long-term flexibility, agility, and competitiveness and result in even greater vendor dependency. 21, Explain why reduced security is an outsourcing risk, Response: Information outsourced to off-shore IT vendors raises unique and serious questions regarding internal control and the protection of sensitive personal data. When corporate financial systems are developed and hosted overseas, and program code is developed through interfaces with the host companys network, US corporations are at risk of losing control of their information. TO a large degree, US firms are reliant on the outsourcing vendors security measures, data-access policies, and the privacy laws of the host country. 22. Explain how IT outsourcing can lead to loss of strategic advantage. Response: Alignment between IT strategy and business strategy requires a close working relationship between corporate management and IT management in the concurrent development of business and IT strategies. This, however, is difficult to accomplish when IT planning is geographically redeployed off-shore or even domestically. Further, since the financial justification for IT outsourcing upends upon the vendor achieving economies of scale, the vendor is naturally driven toward seeking common solutions that may be used by many clients rather than creating unique solutions for each of them, This fundamental underpinning to IT outsourcing is inconsistent with the clients pursuit of strategic advantage in the marketplace, 23, Explain the role of a ASS 70 report in reviewing internal controls.